Finland

Finland is a comparatively LGBTQIA+-friendly and a safe country located in Northern Europe, with legal protections for trans and queer people. Finland shows strong social acceptance towards LGBTQIA+ community and institutional support, but struggles with bureaucratic and trans-specific healthcare access challenges.

Why Finland?

Finland ranks as world's happiest country for eighth year in a row.

Why does Finland rank as the happiest country in the world by the UN World Happines Report. The answer is rooted in the fundamental trust present throughout the Finnish society, enabling individuals to feel safe and relaxed. Another reason is the proximity of nature and the disconnection it offers. Finland has a good quality of life, education, safety, press freedom, and low levels of corruption. It offers a social welfare system, good public healthcare and education, a stable democracy, and good public services. Finland also has clean nature, low pollution, and a high degree of gender equality and respect for human rights.

Sisu’ affects Finns' experience as the world's happiest people. It is a unique Finnish concept combining grit, resilience, and determination.

How does the salary level in Finland compare to other EU countries?

Finland's average salaries are relatively high compared to many other EU countries, particularly in skilled sectors. However, salaries are generally lower than in countries like Germany, the Netherlands, or Denmark. The Finnish system also includes high taxation, which funds extensive public services. The minimum wage is not defined by law but is regulated through collective agreements by industry.

What is the rent level in Finland compared to other EU countries?

Rental prices in Finland are moderate by EU standards. In major cities like Helsinki, Tampere, or Turku, rents are higher, especially for small apartments. However, compared to cities like Paris, Amsterdam, or Dublin, rent in Finland remains relatively more affordable, particularly in smaller towns and rural areas. Social housing and housing support are also available for those eligible.

Housing in Finland

Why is Finland considered an LGBTQIA+ friendly country?

Finland is regarded as one of the most LGBTQIA+ friendly countries in the EU. Anti-discrimination laws protect individuals on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. Same-sex marriage and adoption are legal, gender-affirming healthcare is publicly funded (although under a gatekeeping model), and public attitudes are generally progressive. Pride events are widely celebrated, and LGBTQIA+ rights are actively supported by many civil society organizations.

In Finland, people who belong to sexual and gender minorities (LGBTQIA+) do not frequently encounter verbal harassment or threatening situations in public, even though not everyone in society supports these rights. Public safety remains high, and anti-discrimination laws provide legal protection.

Political Situation in Finland

Finland is a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system, meaning that no single political party has enough support to govern alone. As a result, coalition governments are the norm.

Finland is a parliamentary democracy with multiple political parties. One of the major parties is the Finns Party (Perussuomalaiset), known for its right-wing populist and nationalist stance. The party is often critical of immigration, EU integration, and progressive social policies, including some LGBTQIA+ rights. While they have gained significant support in recent years and are part of the current coalition government (as of 2023–2025), their views have sparked considerable public debate and protest. Nevertheless, Finland’s legal protections and strong civil society continue to uphold fundamental rights for all people, regardless of the ruling parties.

In recent elections have indicated a shift in public sentiment:​

Left-Wing Gains: In municipal and regional elections, left-wing parties, the Social Democrats and the Left Alliance made significant gains, while the Finns Party experienced a notable decline in support. This shift suggests growing public support for progressive policies and a potential reevaluation of the current government's direction.

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Despite this progress, divisions within the current right-leaning coalition have led to setbacks:​

Conversion Therapy Ban Stalled - In March 2025, the Finnish Parliament voted 125 to 49 in favor of a citizens' initiative to ban conversion therapy. Despite this parliamentary support, the government has decided not to advance the proposal during its current term.

Withdrawal from Equality Initiatives - In September 2024, Finland opted not to join the Ukraine Equality Alliance, a decision attributed to Minister Ville Tavio of the Finns Party. The alliance aimed to promote gender and sexual minority rights in Ukraine's reconstruction efforts. This move sparked criticism from opposition parties and civil society groups. Minister Tavio has been reported to avoid including LGBTQIA+ topics in official speeches and has made remarks perceived as dismissive towards LGBTQIA+ issues. Such positions have raised concerns about the government's commitment to promoting equality.

Legal gender recognition

Act on Legal Recognition of Gender was reformed in 2023, allowing adults in Finland to change their legal gender through self-determination, without medical or psychiatric evaluations. Applicants must be at least 18 years old, provide a considered written request, and undergo a reflection period before confirmation. The law removed the previous requirements of infertility, medical diagnosis, and sterilization, aligning Finland with international human rights standards.

Even if you are not a Finnish citizen, you can change your legal gender in Finland as long as you are a legal resident and have a registered your municipality of residence. This application is free of charge.  However, aligning your gender marker and name between your Finnish ID and those issued by your country of origin depends on that country's own laws and policies.

Anti-discrimination laws

• The Non-Discrimination Act prohibits direct and indirect discrimination, harassment, and victimization based on personal characteristics It applies to both public and private sectors and public bodies and employers are also obligated to promote equality proactively.
• The Equality Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender, gender identity and gender expression and obliges to promote gender equality. The Equality Act applies as a rule to all sectors of society and in all areas of life.
• Equal Marriage Act Finland legalized equal marriage on 2017, granting same-sex couples the right to marry, adopt jointly, and access the same legal protections as opposite-sex couples. The law replaced the earlier system of registered partnerships and brought full marriage equality under the same legal framework. Equal marriage is recognized regardless of gender identity or gender expression.
• Adoption Act grants equal adoption rights regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Same-sex couples can adopt jointly under the same conditions as opposite-sex couples.

Public healthcare

Finland provides public healthcare for residents (residence of municipality). Obtaining residence of municipality depends on your resident permit type. Without municipality of residency your access to public healthcare is limited and must be paid out-of-pocket (only emergency care). Read more about your right for the public healthcare under "moving to Finland".

LGBTQIA+ rights and community

The social environment is increasingly inclusive. People often keeps to themselves and minds their own business, but this also makes it difficult to build relationships with Finnish people. Finland still has quite hetero-normative culture, but there are many local and national NGO’s and other organizations that provides nationwide support and advocacy on LGBTQIA+ rights.

• Seta ry
• Helsinki Pride

• Trasek ry
• Gender Diversity & Intersex Centre of Expertise
• Pro-tukipiste

Immigration pathways

Residence permit based on work

• The grounds for your residence permit determine the field in which you may work and the duties you are allowed to perform. If you have an unrestricted right to work, you may change jobs freely. Your right to work begins after you have been granted a residence permit

Residence permit based on studies

• The educational institution can be a university, a university of applied sciences, a general upper secondary school or a vocational education institution. You cannot be granted a residence permit for studies, if your studies mainly consist of distance learning online and do not require you to stay in Finland.

Residence permit on the basis of family ties

• if a child (a minor under 18 years old) lives in Finland or is a Finnish citizen
• if a spouse or cohabiting partner lives in Finland or is a Finnish citizen (can also be applied for simultaneously with the spouse or partner if they are applying for one of the above residence permits)
• Residence permit on the basis of an intimate relationship

What about asylum?

Finland does not have a list of “safe” or “unsafe” countries, and the Finnish Immigration Service (Migri) decides independently whether they investigate an asylum application or dismiss it as manifests unfounded. You should not apply for asylum in Finland if you intend to apply for a residence permit on the basis of work, study, or entrepreneurship, because seeking an asylum prevents you from receiving any other type of residence permit. A rejected asylum application typically leads to removal from the country (deportation) and soon up to a 15-year entry ban. Statistics show that most asylum applications submitted by US citizens in Finland are not examined.

Why not Finland?

As of early 2025, the unemployment rate in Finland is approximately 8.9%, according to Statistics Finland. This rate may vary slightly depending on region, age group, and economic conditions.

• Non-binary identities are not legally recognized.
• Housing in Finland is somewhat expensive, especially in big cities.
• Finnish immigration processes are expensive, slow, complex, and heavily document-based.

First residence permit application must be applied from abroad. (Expectations if you are a family member of a Finnish citizen, you apply for a residence permit for a child born in Finland or you are applying residence permit for humanitarian reasons)

Dark, Long Winters and Harsh Weather

• Winters are long, dark, and cold, especially in northern Finland. The sun may not rise for weeks in Lapland during "kaamos" (polar night). But  the other hand, bright summers when the sun doesn't set at all (midnight sun).
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is common.
• Average January temperatures: -5°C to -30°C depending on the region.

Language Barrier

• While many Finns speak English well, most services, forms, and jobs require Finnish or Swedish.
• Finnish is a very difficult language to learn (complex grammar).
• Lack of language skills limits access in nearly everything.

Job-market

• Many roles require fluent Finnish or certified qualifications.
• Recognition of US degrees or licenses may be time-consuming.
• High youth unemployment and underemployment exist even for locals.

What is the unemployment rate in Finland?

As of early 2025, the unemployment rate in Finland is approximately 8.9%, according to Statistics Finland. This rate may vary slightly depending on region, age group, and economic conditions.

High Taxes

• Food and basic services cost more than the EU average.
• Income tax, VAT, and other taxes are among the highest globally (funds public services).

Social Culture

• Finnish people are respectful but not very open or expressive. Small talk is rare.
• Making friends takes time; social isolation is common among newcomers.
• The culture values privacy, quiet, and emotional restraint.

Healthcare

• Public healthcare is subsidized, not entirely free. Some out-of-pocket fees apply. (Mental health treatment is free of charge in public healthcare, fee is charged for medical statements).
• Wait times for non-emergency care can be weeks or months.

Political Situation for Trans People

Finland’s political climate is moderately supportive, though recent years have seen rising anti-gender rhetoric from far-right parties such as the Finns Party (Perussuomalaiset). Mainstream policies are still broadly in favor of LGBTQIA+ rights.

Access to Trans Healthcare

Finland does not recognize an informed consent model for access to trans-specific healthcare.

Trans-specific healthcare is classified as specialized healthcare in Finland and is covered under the public healthcare system. Access to gender identity services requires a referral from either a general practitioner (GP) or a psychiatrist. The referring doctor does not need to be a specialist.

Referral instructions are available through HUS and TAYS (only in finnish).

Role of the Gender Identity Clinic (Transpoli)

There are only two gender identity clinics in Finland

• HUS (Helsinki University Hospital)

and

• TAYS (Tampere University Hospital).

These clinics do not provide hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or perform surgeries themselves. Instead, they:

• Conduct comprehensive mental health and diagnostic assessments.
• Issue official diagnoses (ICD-10: F64.0, Transsexualism) or (ICD-10: F64.8, other gender identity disorders)
• Provide referrals to HRT, voice therapy, or surgeries, which are carried out by healthcare providers in your municipality.

Obtaining a diagnosis and accessing treatment may take several years (1-3 years) due to long waiting lists and the "complexity of the diagnostic process".

Gatekeeping Model & Diagnostic Criteria

Trans healthcare in Finland operates under a gatekeeping model, meaning you must meet strict criteria before proceeding to medical transition:

• You must demonstrate a stable gender identity for at least two years before a referral is accepted.
• Your physical and psychological functioning must be stable. Untreated mental health issues or functional disabilities may delay the process.
• The goal of the diagnostic phase is to rule out all other possible explanations for gender dysphoria before confirming a transgender identity.
• Individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders (such as autism or ADHD) will face additional requirements:
  • If these conditions are already diagnosed, the clinic will consider them as part of the overall assessment.
  • If undiagnosed but suspected, the clinic will typically require formal diagnosis before proceeding and may issue a temporary pause.
  • In autism cases, sexual therapy may be required to determine whether dysphoria is connected to autism-related experiences.

What to Expect at the Clinic

• Initial intake and mental health evaluations.
• A series of psychological assessments and interviews over time (taking up to 1-2 years).
• If diagnosed, referrals will be provided for medical and legal gender-affirming services.

Recognition of a Foreign in Finland

A diagnosis of transsexualism (ICD-10: F64.0) or other gender identity disorders (ICD-10: F64.8) issued outside Finland can be taken into consideration, but it is not automatically accepted within the Finnish healthcare system.

How a Foreign Diagnosis Is Treated in Finland:

• A diagnosis from abroad may support your case, but you might need to undergo a full diagnostic assessment by HUS or TAYS.
• Only these two clinics can officially issue a diagnosis that entitles you to gender-affirming medical treatments covered by public healthcare.
• Presenting a well-documented foreign diagnosis may shorten the assessment process and support your anamnesis (medical and psychological history).

If you have received an F64.0 diagnosis abroad, prepare the following before attending your Finnish appointment:

• An official medical statement confirming the diagnosis and explaining the basis for it.
• A certified translation into Finnish or English if the original documents are in another language.
• Any supporting documentation regarding your treatment history, psychological support, or gender transition.

Bring these materials when requesting a referral to a gender identity clinic in Finland.

Medical Treatments for Gender Dysphoria

In Finland, gender-affirming medical treatment is tailored to the individual’s diagnosis and identity:

• Adults (binary trans people)
  • Treatment includes HRT, voice therapy, chest/breast surgeries, and genital surgeries depending on individual needs and eligibility.
• Adults (non-binary people)
  • Access to specific treatments depends on whether dysphoria is clearly linked to a need for medical transition. Treatments are assessed on a case-by-case basis, often requiring more justification due to binary-focused diagnostic models.
• Minors (under 18)
  • Treatment focuses on supporting psychological well-being. Puberty blockers may be used after extensive evaluation, but access to HRT or surgeries is highly restricted and must follow national guidelines for treating gender dysphoria in youth.

Alternative Options: GenderGP and Imago

Because Finland does not follow an informed consent model for trans healthcare, some individuals, particularly those facing long wait times or barriers within the public system opt to seek private gender-affirming care through international providers.

Two commonly used options are:

• GenderGP
• Imago

These providers typically follow an informed consent model, meaning you do not need a psychiatric diagnosis to begin treatment. However, you should be aware of the following:

• You must cover all costs yourself, including consultations, prescriptions, and blood tests.
• Prescriptions from GenderGP or Imago may not be accepted by all Finnish pharmacies

Both services use monthly subscription-based pricing models with starting fee, and the costs can be high, especially when including blood tests.

You are required to pay out-of-pocket for:

• Appointments and prescriptions
• Regular blood tests (required to monitor safety)
• Medications

Healthcare without residency

In an emergency, you have the right to receive urgent medical care anywhere in the Finnish public health system. Urgent medical care refers to the immediate assessment and treatment required, for example, in the case of sudden illness, injury or worsening of a long-term illness. You can be charged for the costs for the medical care afterwards. You can not get reimbursement for the costs incurred in Finland for private healthcare services, medicine purchases and travels in connection with medical care.

• Entitlement for medical care in Finland (Living or working in Finland without municipality of residence and need non emergency healthcare).
• Falling ill when traveling in Finland
• Health services in Finland

Biggest private healthcare providers in Finland

• Terveystalo
• Mehiläinen
• Pihlajalinna

For irregular migrants (undocumented) healthcare is provided by volunteer-run (healthcare professionals) clinic providing health counseling and assessment of care needs and support undocumented people in accessing public health care. These volunteers are sworn to absolute confidentiality and they offers help and support free of charge, in confidence, and anonymously if person wishes so.

Immigration Policy

US citizens can travel to Finland without a visa for short stays. You can stay in in the Schengen Area for up to 90 days within any 180-day period for purposes such as tourism, business, or visiting family and friends.

From 2026, US citizens need to register with the European Travel Information and Authorization System (ETIAS). ETIAS is the new electronic travel authorization for visa-exempt non-EU nationals visiting the Schengen Area.

You can use english, finnish or swedish as your language when applying for a residence permit in Finland.

US citizens who plan to stay longer than 90 days or for purposes other than tourism (e.g., work, study, family reunification) must apply for a residence permit. First residence permit must be applied from abroad. (Execptations if you are a family member of a Finnish citizen, you apply for a residence permit for a child born in Finland or you are applying residence permit for humanitarian reasons)

You can only get a residence permit if you are able to travel to Finland and stay in the country legally. This means that you must have a valid passport.

It is highly recommended to apply for your residence permit through the online service. This allows you to track the progress of your application and submit any additional information more quickly, if needed. In addition, the online application is more affordable and typically processed faster than a paper application.

Resident Permit types for US citizens and non-EU/EAA citizens

In all cases, coming to Finland outside of EU/EAA countries you must have a valid passport. You also cannot get a residence permit in Finland without a valid passport. (Your gender marker on your passport does not need to match with your gender identity for it to be valid).

Aliens Act

Residence Permit for an Employed Person (TTOL)

• Processing time 2-6 months
• First permit 590€ / Extended permit 170€

Purpose: For individuals with a confirmed job offer in Finland.

Requirements:

• Valid employment contract.
• Gross income must be at least €1,600 per month.
• The job may be subject to a labor market test to ensure no suitable labor is available within the EU/EEA.
• Your employer must verify that you have the professional skills required for the job.

Note:

Fields of work are restricted in sectors where there is a shortage of labor. Usually requires a minimum of 30 hours per week for meeting the gross income of 1,600€ per month.

• Work permit policy
• Regional guidelines for the use of foreign workforce

• Regulated professions in Finland

Apprenticeship training (Oppisopimus)

A residence permit can also be granted for apprenticeship training. Apprenticeship training is education that mainly takes place at a workplace, in genuine work situations. The employer and the student sign a written apprenticeship agreement, which is a fixed-term contract of employment.

If the student will complete less than half of their studies in apprenticeship training, they can study with a residence permit for studies. If the student will complete half or more of their studies in apprenticeship training, they will need a residence permit for an employed person.

Oppisopimus (only in finnish)

Residence permit for studies

• Processing time 1-3 months
• First & extended permit 450€ (adult)
• First & extended permit 270€ (minor)

Purpose: For students who's primary purpose in Finland is to engage in full-time studies.

Requirements:

• You must have a confirmed place of study in a Finnish educational institution. Your studies must lead to a vocational qualification or a degree.
• You need to demonstrate that you have at least €800 per month to cover your living expenses in Finland. You must have €9,600 in your bank account when you submit the application.
• You are required to have private health insurance that covers medical and pharmaceutical expenses during your stay.
• If you have been granted a residence permit for studies, you are allowed to work in paid employment in any field for an average of 30 hours per week.

Applicants who are not citizens of the EU, EEA or Switzerland are required to pay an application fee in order to apply to higher education studies.

Non-EU/EEA students needs to pay tuition for bachelor’s and master’s programmes.

• Application fee €100
• Tuition fee Up to €20,000 per year, varying by university and programme.

More info:

• Study Info FAQ
• Study in Finland
• Scholarships or tuition fee waivers

After graduation, if you don't have a job yet, you can apply for a residence permit to look for a work.

Residence permit to look for work

• Processing time 2-4 months
• First permit 530€ / Extended permit 170€

Purpose: To look for a work or to start a business when you don't have a job.

Requirements:

• You have or had a residence permit for studies or for research in Finland.
• You have completed your studies or research work or completed a doctoral degree in Finland and have a degree certificate
• You haven't found a job yet
• You have sufficient funds for living in Finland
  • You need to have at least €800 per month at your disposal.

The permit must be applied for within five years from the date when your residence permit for studies or research expired.

This resident permit can be also applied from abroad. If applied from abroad, apply this as your first residence permit.

Residence permit with a degree completed in Finland

• Processing time from 2 weeks to 2 months
• First permit  380€ / extended permit 170€

Purpose: You have studied a degree or qualification in Finland and you have a job.

Requirements:

• You have studied and completed a degree or qualification in Finland. (Certificates of competence area are not degrees.) There is no time limit when you have needed to complete your degree or qualification in Finland.
• Valid employment contract.
• You have sufficient income:
  • Your net income must be at least €1,210 / €1,090 / €1,030 per month, depending on where you live
  • You may combine different income sources (Not social assistance)

Residence Permit for a Specialist

• Processing time 2 weeks to 2 months
• First permit 380€ / Extended permit 170€

Purpose: For highly skilled professionals with specific expertise.

Requirements:

• Valid employment contract.
• Employment contract with a salary of at least €3,827 per month.
• Relevant higher education degree or equivalent experience.
• Your employer must verify that you have the special expertise required in your work.

Residence permit for a researcher

• Processing time 3 months
• First permit 380€ / Extended permit 170€

Purpose: For individuals moving to Finland to conduct scientific research, prepare a doctoral dissertation, or pursue a licentiate degree

Requirements:

• You must have a hosting agreement with a Finnish research organization.​
• You hold a master’s degree (second-cycle degree) or a bachelor’s degree (first cycle degree) and
• If you are not in an employment relationship, you must have at least €1,210 per month at your disposal for your living costs in Finland. You can secure your income with funds, earnings from work or even other types of income, such as a research scholarship. Before you arrive in Finland, make sure that you have enough funds for the entire time you are carrying out your research:
  • You must have sufficient financial resources to support yourself during your stay in Finland. If your research period is less than one year, you must have sufficient funds for the entire duration.
  • For research periods of at least one year, you must have at least €14,520 at your disposal.
  • If you are applying for a two-year permit, you must have €29,040 available. ​
• You must have valid health insurance coverage for the duration of your stay in Finland.

Residence Permit for Senior or Middle Management

• Processing time 1-2 months
• First permit 380€ / Extended permit 170€

Purpose: For individuals in senior or middle management positions.

Requirements:

• Valid employment contract.
• You will work in an executive position.
• Your employer is a large enterprise.
• Your main source of income must be the work for which you are applying for a residence permit.
• You have sufficient financial resources for the entire validity period of your residence permit.
  • If your main source of income is paid employment, your salary must be at least the minimum specified in the relevant collective agreement.
  • If there is no collective agreement in your sector or if you will be working part-time, your salary must be at least €1,430 per month.
  • If your main source of income is pursuing a trade or business, or if you are combining paid employment and pursuing a trade or business, you must make at least €1,430 per month.

Residence Permit for an Entrepreneur

• Processing time 2 months
• First permit 550€ / Extended permit 170€

Purpose: For individuals intending to start or run a business in Finland.

Requirements:

• You are a self-employed person.
• Your business operations are profitable.
• You have registered your business in the Trade Register maintained by the Finnish Patent and Registration Office.
• Business plan and evidence of sufficient funds.

Residence Permit for a Startup Entrepreneur

• Processing time 2 weeks to 2 months
• First permit 450€ / Extended permit 170€

Purpose: For individuals establishing innovative startups in Finland.

Requirements:

• Endorsement from Business Finland
• Comprehensive business plan and sufficient funding.
• You have sufficient financial resources for the entire duration of your residence permit. Your net income must be at least €1,210 / €1,090 / €1,030 per month, depending on where you live.
• You must have the required sum in your own bank account.
• You must have enough money for at least one year.

Residence Permit for Work in the Field of Culture or Arts

• Processing time 1-2 months
• First permit 380 € / Extended permit 170 €

Purpose: For professional artists and cultural workers.

Requirements:

• Employment contract in the cultural or arts sector.
• Proof of professional qualifications or experience.
• You have sufficient financial resources for the entire validity period of your residence permit.
  • If your main source of income is paid employment, your salary must be at least the minimum specified in the relevant collective agreement.
  • If there is no collective agreement in your sector or if you will be working part-time, your salary must be at least €1,430.
  • If your main source of income is pursuing a trade or business, or if you are combining paid employment and pursuing a trade or business, you must make at least €1,430 per month.

Residence permit for internship or unpaid traineeship

• Processing time 3 months
• First permit 380€ / Extended permit 170€

Purpose: You are coming to Finland for an internship or for an unpaid traineeship through a training programme, such as Eramus+. For ages between 18-30.

Requirements for internship:

• Valid employment contract for your internship.
• Employer must present a document that the internship does not replace a job.
• You have to get paid for your internship. Your salary must at least correspond to the salary specified in the collective agreement that applies to your employment relationship.
  • If there is no collective agreement in your sector, your gross salary must be at least €1,430
  • Grants or scholarships granted by your home country university (Erasmus+ grants, for example) or pocket money paid by an organisation are not taken into account when assessing your financial resources on the basis of your internship.
  • The allowances must be mentioned in the internship agreement.
• The program must be supported by EU.

Requirements for unpaid traineeship:

• You must have signed a training agreement with the organization responsiple for your training.
• The training programme must have educational and learning objectives that supports your development.
• You must prove documentation of how you intend to finance your stay in Finland during the traineeship.
  • For example documentation that you have been granted a scholarship for your traineeship or/and documentation of your benefits.

Residence permit for Au pair

• Processing time 2-4 months
• Permit 380€

Purpose: To provide opportunity for a young person to become acquainted with Finnish language and culture. For ages between 17-30.

Requirements:

• You have a written agreement with your host family on your au pair placement.
• You have the required age, 17-30.
• You have not worked as an Au pair in Finland or in any other country before.
• You have basic knowledge of Finnish or Swedish language and of Finnish culture.
  • You must study language and culture abroad, and provide a certificate from your course.
• You are enrolled to a language or culture courses in Finland.
• You are not closely related with the members of the host family
• You have a health and accident insurance for the whole period of your stay in Finland
• You have a health certificate, less than 3 months old

Residence permit based on family ties (spouse or cohabiting partner)

There is different application, depending who is your family member residing in Finland. In these applications, a sponsor refers to the person based on whom you are applying for family reunification (for example, your spouse or child).

• Spouse in Finland with a residence permit

• Cohabiting partner in Finland with a residence permit
• Spouse in Finland as a refugee
• Cohabiting partner in Finland as a refugee
• Spouse is a Finnish citizen
• Cohabiting partner is a Finnish citizen
• Intimate relationship

If your spouse or cohabiting partner has a resident permit in Finland

• Processing time 4-9 months
• First permit 530€ / Extended permit 170€

Your husband or wife, your registered same-sex partner or your cohabiting partner who you have lived with for at least two years in a marriage-like relationship or with whom you have joint custody of a child is considered a spouse. A a person you are dating is not considered to be your family member.

When you apply for a residence permit on the basis of family ties, you are usually required to have sufficient financial resources.

• You cannot secure sufficient financial resources with benefits paid by the society.
• You can meet the income requirement with, for instance, the income from employment or the business activities of your sponsor who lives in Finland.
• You have an unrestricted right to work. You cannot start working before you get a residence permit.

If your spouse or cohabiting partner is a Finnish citizen

• Processing time 6-9 months
• First permit 530€ / Extended permit 170€

• You do not need to have sufficient financial resources. Meaning there is no income requirement as your spouse, partner or a child is a Finnish citizen.
• You have an unrestricted right to work. You cannot start working before you get a residence permit.

Residence permit application on the basis of intimate relationship

• Processing time 12-15 months
• First permit 580€ / Extended permit 430€

A residence permit on the basis of an intimate relationship allows individuals to reside in Finland with their partner, even if they are not legally married or in a registered partnership. This permit is distinct from those based on family ties, as Finnish law does not recognize dating partners as family members.

This residence permit type can be only applied from your country of origin in a paper form.

Purpose: This permit is intended for individuals who are in a committed, established intimate relationship with someone residing in Finland. It enables the applicant to live in Finland with their partner, provided certain conditions are met.

Requirements:

• The relationship must be well-established. Evidence can include: Proof of previous cohabitation (e.g., shared rental agreements or official records).
• A joint child or a pregnancy certificate.
• A detailed, free-form written statement describing the relationship and reasons for applying.
• Both partners must intend to continue their life together in Finland.
• You must have enough money for living in Finland. You must have the money at your disposal: in your bank account, for example.
  • If your partner supports you financially, you need to provide documents on your partner’s financial resources. In this case, the financial support you get from your partner will be taken into account.
  • You need to have €1,210 / €1,090 / €1,030 per month, depending on where you live.
• If your residence permit was granted to you on the basis of your dating relationship, your right to work is restricted.

List of all residence permits on basis of the family ties

US citizens intending to work remotely from Finland for a non-Finnish employer should be aware that Finland does not currently offer a specific "digital nomad" visa. If the company does not require you to reside in Finland, you cannot be granted a residence permit on the basis of work. A residence permit on the basis of work is only granted for such work that requires the employee to reside in Finland. Working remotely for a foreign company does not on its own constitute grounds for a residence permit on the basis of work.

Moving to Finland requires a residence permit. Apply for the permit abroad. In some cases, you can apply for a D visa in addition to a residence permit. The D visa is a 100-day visa that gives you the right to enter Finland. Obtaining a D visa is possible only when you are granted or you hold a residence permit in Finland.

Resident permit types

A first residence permit is usually granted for one year at the most. A permit may also be valid for a shorter or longer period, depending on the grounds for the permit. Students, for instance, may be granted a permit that is valid for the entire time it takes to obtain a degree.

In Finland, obtaining a municipality of residence (kotikunta) is essential for accessing public services such as healthcare, education, and social benefits. The Digital and Population Data Services Agency (DVV) outlines specific criteria for eligibility, primarily based on your residence permit type and the intended duration of your stay.

A permit

The A permit is a fixed-term residence permit that is valid for a given time period. The A permit is continuous residence permit, which means that it is intended for someone who moves to Finland for a longer period.

Having A permit grants you the right to access public healthcare in Finland (including specialized health care, like trans-specific healthcare) if you have assigned residence of municipality. This means that you intend to live in Finland more than one year.

B permit

The B permit is a fixed-term residence permit that is valid for a given time period. The B permit is temporary residence permit, meaning that it is intended for temporary residence in Finland.

You can only have residence of municipality if specific conditions are met.

P permit

The P permit is a permanent residence permit. You can apply for a permanent residence permit once you have lived in Finland for 4 years with a continuous residence permit (an A permit) without gaps between your residence permits. You will also need to meet the rest of the requirements for a permanent residence permit

You have already have a residence of municipality.

Moving to Finland

What do you need to know, when considering moving to Finland.

Most of things in Finland will be applied or done in online, and Finland is considered bureaucratic country. It is important to follow the rules, but also see that your rights are respected while navigating in the bureaucratic system as an immigrant. It's good to ask help from a professional or from your community, if you are unsure what to do and where to do it. It is crucial to learn finnish language, as many jobs requires it.

Almost all official matters in Finland are handled using online banking credentials, including services with Kela, employment services, and healthcare. Therefore, it is important to open a Finnish bank account so that you can obtain Finnish online banking credentials.

• Integration into Finland
• Personal identity code (finnish social security number)

When you are granted a residence permit or a residence card or your right of residence is registered by the Finnish Immigration Service, your personal information will in most cases automatically be registered in the Finnish Population Information System. You will also be issued a personal identity code

• Tax card or individual tax number in Finland
• Tax percentage calculator

Arriving in Finland to work you need a tax card and/or an individual tax number. To apply for the card and the number, you need a Finnish personal identity code.

When you come to Finland to work, your tax treatment depends on the length of your stay. The treatment also depends on the country of the employer, i.e. whether you work for a Finnish employer or for a foreign one. Additionally, special tax rules apply to certain professions and types of work.

Finnish Bank account

Online banking credentials (verkkopankkitunnukset) are crucial in Finland. They are used not only for banking, but also to log into government services like Kela, Migri, and MyTax.

A US citizen residing in or moving to Finland, you are generally eligible to open a bank account, although requirements can vary by bank. In most cases, you will need:

• A valid passport
• A Finnish personal identity code (henkilötunnus)
• A permanent or temporary Finnish address registered with the DVV
• Residence permit or proof of right to reside in Finland
• Tax information for FATCA compliance

• Op
• Nordea
• S-Pankki

Residence of municipality (kotikunta)

General requirements for obtaining a municipality of residence:

• The person has arrived in Finland
• The person intends to live in Finland for at least one year
• The person stays legally in Finland
• Resident permit type A or P (B only with spesific conditions).

Specific requirements for obtaining a municipality of residence:

In addition to meeting the general requirements, at least one of the following must also be met

• The person has a continuous (A) or permanent (P) residence permit
• The person has a family member who has a municipality of residence in Finland
• The person has a temporary (B) residence permit that is valid for at least one year in addition to one of the following conditions being met
  • The person is of Finnish descent
  • The person has previously had a municipality of residence in Finland
  • The person has proof of work or studies leading to a degree in Finland lasting at least two years
  • The person has lived in Finland temporarily continuously for at least one year after immigration
• You are a family member of someone who already has a municipality of residence in Finland, and your relationship is legally recognized and documented.

Application for municipality of residence

If you don't get a finnish social security number with your residence permit card, also fill out this form for Request a Finnish identity code and registration of personal data

Entitlement to medical care in Finland

If you don't have a residence permit but you are residing in Finland you need to apply for entitlement for public medical care when you move to Finland. By applying, you can find out whether you are entitled to medical care in Finland with the costs covered by the Finnish public healthcare system. The decision notice is only in Finnish or Swedish.

Kela, the Social Insurance Institution of Finland

Here is listed the benefits you are able to get from Kela if you have a residence of municipality in Finland and/or you have been insured by Kela while residing in Finland. Please note, that there might be some restrictions of benefits you can get as it might affect negatively towards to Migri (as you might be seen as a burden) or when applying for permanent residency or citizenship.

If you are not a refugee or an asylum seeker or your family member who is your sponsor is not a Finnish citizen your income cannot be based on Kela benefits.

Unemployment for a person who has moved to Finland as an employee

If you hold a residence permit as an employee and become unemployed, it is important to look for a new job as soon as possible to avoid the risk of your residence permit being cancelled by the Finnish Immigration Service (Migri). When applying for a job, take into account whether you have any restrictions on your field of work. Your employer often notifies Migri when your employment ends, after which Migri may request additional information from you regarding your situation.

If you become unemployed, where can you get income?

From Kela or your trade union, under certain conditions:

You must register immediately as an unemployed job seeker at your local employment services if:

• you become unemployed
• you are laid off
• you resign from your job (note: this may result in a waiting period during which you are not eligible for unemployment benefits)

Important note for residence permit holders basis on work:

It is important to note that you should only receive labour market subsidy or unemployment allowance for a short period, as prolonged use may negatively affect Migris decision on your residence permit. The commonly accepted period for receiving unemployment benefits is approximately 3 months.

Being unemployed for more than three months, may result in cancellation of your residence permit

You should avoid applying for social assistance (toimeentulotuki), as it is considered a last-resort benefit. Even though you may be eligible to apply for it under certain conditions, receiving this benefit is often viewed by Migri and Finnish law as a burden on Finnish society. This may result in a requirement to repay the benefit or may prevent you from receiving a new residence permit if you apply for it while residing in Finland. This will also affect negatively to your permanent residency and may prevent you to get a Finnish citizenship.

Unemployment for a person moving to Finland based on family ties:

A person who moves permanently to Finland based on family ties and has a registered municipality of residence (kotikunta) in Finland is entitled to Kela’s basic unemployment allowance if they register as an unemployed job seeker with the employment services and are willing to accept full-time work. The spouse’s income does not affect the amount of the basic unemployment allowance.

You are also entitled to participate in integration services, through which you can study the Finnish language free of charge. Please note that there are currently long waiting times for integration courses (varying by municipality), approximately one year.

Register your unemployment

Sickness allowance

Kela's sickness allowance provides financial support to individuals who are temporarily unable to work due to illness. This benefit is available to various groups, including employees, self-employed persons, unemployed individuals. You do not need to have a permanent residence permit to receive sickness allowance. However, you must be registered with Kela, meaning Kela has confirmed that you are covered by the Finnish social security system.

• The amount of your sickness allowance is based on your previous income in Finland. If you do not have an income, you will receive the minimum amount.
• You will need to provide a medical certificate to prove your inability to work.
• Sickness allowance is paid for a maximum of 300 working days.
• Sickness allowance will be paid after the completion of a waiting period The waiting period usually consists of the first day of illness and the following nine working days.

Child benefit

You can receive child benefit if you move to Finland permanently with your child (this means having municipality of residence). You can receive child benefit if you meet the following requirements:

• your child is under 17 years of age
• you are the child’s parent, guardian or another person responsible for the care of the child

you live permanently in Finland with your child.

Child benefit is paid from the beginning of the month following the birth of the child. Child benefit is paid until the end of the month in which the child turns 17 years old.

Parental Allowance

You and/or your partner can receive parental allowance in Finland if they meet the following conditions

• You live in Finland permanently and you have municipality of residence in Finland
• You are pregnant or caring for a child
  • Parental allowance is granted based on childbirth or care of a child. Pregnancy must be confirmed by a maternity clinic or doctor.
• Can be received for total 320 days
  • Divided equally between the parents, which means 160 days.

During pregnancy

• The birthing parent can start their pregnancy leave before the child is born. Pregnancy allowance is paid during pregnancy leave.
• You can claim pregnancy allowance if you are a parent giving birth to a child and your pregnancy has lasted at least 154 days.

Maternity package or cash benefit

You can choose between a maternity package and a cash benefit.

• Apply for the maternity grant no later than 2 months before the expected due date.
• The maternity package contains baby clothes as well as care products and materials.

General housing allowance

You might be entitled for general housing allowance if you are unemployed, you are on sickness allowance or parental allowance.

Housing allowance can be paid to households consisting of a single person or several persons. Housing allowance is granted to the household as a unit, so the amount of housing allowance will depend on the total income and assets of the entire household.

Disability

Persons who are covered under the Finnish social security system are eligible for disability allowance. See the criteria and eligibility here

It is not easy to receive for disability allowance, and the coverage of disability allowance is really small (covering only to certain amount of your medical costs). Disability allowance cannot be your main income. You cannot receive pension/rehabilitation and disability allowance at the same time.

The Support Centre for Immigrant Persons with Disabilities and long-term Illnesses

Applying Kela-card

Kela-card is a physical card for everyone who is covered under the Finnish national health insurance scheme.

By presenting your Kela card at the pharmacy or at many private medical clinics, you can get a direct, on-the-spot reimbursement for your costs. Direct reimbursement means that the Kela reimbursement will be deducted directly from the cost of the medical treatment or the medicines and you pay only the remaining amount.

Your right to use public healthcare services is based on you being registered with the Digital and Population Data Services Agency as a resident of a Finnish municipality. Even though public healthcare providers will often ask you to identify yourself using a Kela card, you can access public healthcare services without a Kela card.

Issues or difficulties with your residence permit status in Finland

If you are ever experiencing difficulties with your residence status, are at risk of becoming undocumented in Finland, or are having trouble accessing services you are entitled to, there are two NGOs in Finland that can support you. You do not need to live in the same city as these organizations to receive assistance.

• Turun Valkonauha ry
• Turvapaikanhakijoiden tuki ry