Netherlands

From Trans World Express
Revision as of 17:05, 29 March 2025 by Zephie (talk | contribs) (Split off information for Apostille subpage.)

The Netherlands is one of the more LGBTQIA+ friendly countries in the world (see LGBT Equality Index) offering a high standard of living, robust legal protections, and comprehensive healthcare for transgender individuals. Overall, the Netherlands provides a relatively safe and inclusive environment for trans people. This might be under threat by the rise of fascism though.

This Expatica article gives a very general impression of life in the Netherlands; below are more specific considerations.

Why the Netherlands?

The Netherlands is one of the more progressive countries in the world, famously the first to legalize same-sex marriage in 2001. There are several positive factors to life in the Netherlands:

  • Article 1 of the Constitution centers on equality and prohibition of discrimination (see Wikipedia and Dutch constitution text). This explicitly covers discrimination based on religion, belief, political disposition, race, gender, disability and sexual orientation.
  • The Netherlands ranks #6 on the World Happiness Report 2024 especially in terms of income and social support. Dutch society generally cares for each other, reflected in decent and affordable (gender-affirming) healthcare as well as education, widely usable and reliable public transportation, societal safety nets like unemployment, overall safe living environments. (The downside: high taxes.)
  • Vacation, pregnancy, sick leave: based on employment laws, employees have rights to a minimum number of paid time off (PTO)/vacation days (4 times the number of hours worked per week) - this minimum is not based on seniority and employers can offer additional vacation days on top. Legal rights also include fully paid pregnancy and sick leave. This even works for PTO: when you get sick during vacation, you get those PTO days back to use again later. Sick leave can also be used for gender transition, and while not legally required, some companies may even offer special gender transition leave as a separate benefit.
  • LGBTQIA+ rights and community: beyond legal rights like gender recognition (including X) and same-sex marriage, there are many strong communities with Pride events and dedicated queer spaces in many Dutch cities, see our dedicated page about community and social support: Netherlands/Community_Social_Support.
  • Language: English is prevalent in the Netherlands and government documentation is generally available in English. While learning Dutch is useful, not knowing Dutch isn't a barrier when you first arrive.
  • Independence from Car Culture: The Netherlands has fantastic public transport options and a bike culture that is second to none. This makes it significantly easier to avoid the expense and hassle of car ownership (unless you have specific needs). There are also a number of car share systems in place if you do need a car on occasion.
  • Water management: about a third of the Netherlands (not all!) is below water level, forcing Dutch engineering efforts to combat flooding. This has led to an extensive system of dikes and pumping stations managed by regional water authorities for which any resident can vote, regardless of citizenship. These elections are entirely separate from the main political system, reducing chances of Dutch water management being waylaid by trends on a national level.

Why not the Netherlands?

Recent political developments have seen a rise of the far right - unfortunately the Netherlands is not exempt from the global slide towards fascism. There are also other societal factors to weigh:

  • Political climate drifting further right: While the outright fascist party FvD has lost most of its followers, the populist anti-immigrant party PVV has risen in its place and become the largest party in the country in the latest 2023 election. Other government coalition parties include the VVD, the economically conservative liberal party; and the BBB, the conservative climate change denying farmers’ party.
  • Dutch tolerance and directness: while the Netherlands is known for its tolerance, this is mostly based on a sense of societal compliance: “just be normal, then you’re weird enough” is an often used Dutch saying. Dutch communication also leans very direct to the point of bluntness: while usually meant for honesty and efficiency, it can be hurtful when not accustomed to these societal standards. For more information about cultural differences and other integration aspects, see: Netherlands/Culture_Integration.
  • Bureaucratic hindrance of trans rights: while gender-affirming healthcare is available, initial evaluation has on average two years long wait lists. Legal gender recognition for changing between F and M requires a mandatory “expert statement”: a 2019 proposal to remove this expert statement met a great deal of societal resistance, thus was dropped. To change gender to X, there is even a legal procedure to submit to court via a lawyer required on top, with a three month waiting period after approval.
  • Colonialism and racism: with its strong colonial history, Dutch society struggles to come to terms with colonialism and racism. The most obvious is the discourse surrounding “Zwarte Piet” (Black Pete) and the anti-immigrant party PVV’s “fewer Moroccans” speech from 2014, still relevant as they hold governmental power today.

Political situation for trans people

The Netherlands has a law on self determination, meaning you can choose your gender marker and given names, once a year and after a three months waiting period. However the conservative and far right parties are in power and things might change in the future.

More info in this topic here.

Access to trans health care

In The Netherlands, it is compulsory to take out a private health insurance (note that health insurance is NOT linked to your employer!). Many Dutch insurance providers reimburse a decent amount of gender-affirming care treatments, provided that they have contracts with the institutions performing them.

The official channel to start HRT in the Netherlands is by referral to an endocrinologist, which can be obtained from your GP or your gender clinic, almost always after getting a gender dysphoria diagnosis. You nearly always need an official diagnosis, so if you have paperwork with an ICD-10 diagnosis of F64.0, bring that with you, it will make your life easier.

Undertaking HRT through official channels is not only the safest option, but also the only way to be eligible for at least partial reimbursement by Dutch health insurers. DIY hormone therapy is accessible, sellers exist that ship from within the EU (and thus without any customs interfering).

In the Netherlands, certain gender-affirming surgeries can only be accessed through gender clinics. This means they can only be pursued in consultation with a team of psychologists, endocrinologists, and surgeons.

A lot more information on the topic can be found here.

Principle 17 is a collective of activists promoting customized trans health care with additional news and projects.

Dutch healthcare system

In general, healthcare in the Netherlands works very differently from the US, as described in: Netherlands/Healthcare

Immigration and Naturalization (work in progress)

Obtaining a residence visa

To stay longer than a tourist visa allows, access banking and health insurance, or start a path to permanent residence or citizenship, you must first get a residence permit. The IND ("Immigratie- en Naturalisatie Dienst") is the Dutch Immigration and Naturalization Service, handling all applications for living in the Netherlands.

The most likely routes are:

  • Self employment through the DAFT:
    • The Dutch American Friendship Treaty (DAFT) is an agreement between the United States and the Netherlands that allows Americans to acquire a two-year Dutch residency for the purpose of “starting a business." Many types of businesses can qualify under the DAFT including brick and mortar businesses, online businesses, and freelancing/consulting. The most basic requirements are that you are the sole proprietor of the business, that you “invest” and maintain €4,500 in your business's bank account, and that you are not employed by another entity/company while on the DAFT. Since a broad array of business types can qualify under the DAFT, this opens up immigration opportunities for people usually not covered by other skill or job-based visas.
    • Some people who moved to Netherlands a couple of years ago via DAFT created a detailed webpage about what they now know. INLS is as an immigration law and relocation firm in the Netherlands that has specific information on the DAFT.
    • Our guide on applying for the DAFT is here: Netherlands/Dutch_American_Friendship_Treaty

Routes that are currently not available:

Other routes for working in the Netherlands: https://ind.nl/en/residence-permits/work

Preparing for the Netherlands

There are several preparation steps to come to the Netherlands, split off into their own subpages:

Arriving in the Netherlands

When you have just arrived, you may not yet know how to get around, or how to obtain basic resources. Regardless of what visa you choose, you'll need a lot of the same things to start out. Here are some important things that might help.

Cell phones

Until you have a residence permit, you will only be able to obtain prepaid service with a physical SIM card. To get connectivity quickly, you have a few decent options:

  • Lebara offers a tourist prepaid SIM that can be bought with cash. It can be activated any time within about 90 days of purchase. This is a good option for when you have just arrived, and you can get it by going into a cell phone repair shop that advertises Lebara service. In most city centers this will not be hard to find. If you struggle, try going to the shop of a major service provider, like Odido or KPN, and simply asking where you can buy a Lebara SIM. The downside is that Lebara's network coverage is not top tier.
  • KPN offers prepaid service, but you need to buy minutes, SMS, and data in discrete packages, and the pricing is not so good. However, if you anticipate getting your residence permit quickly, you might choose this, just because it is then extremely easy to convert to a post-paid "normal" account when you have your residence, and KPN network coverage is the best.

In any case, Dutch cell phone providers must let you take your phone number with you if you change your service. As long as you keep your service paid for, you shouldn't have to change numbers, even if you move between providers or service types. If someone tries to change it anyway, tell them no.

Dialing phone numbers

You may see Dutch phone numbers written with a 0 in front, a 6 in the front, or +31 in the front.

  • Starts with 0: from a Dutch phone, you can dial it exactly as it is written. From any phone, you can dial +31, skip the 0, and dial the rest.
  • Starts with a 6: from a Dutch phone, you can dial 0, then the whole number as it is written, starting with the 6. From a foreign phone, dial +31, then the 6 and then the rest of the number.
  • Starts with +31: from any phone, you can dial this number exactly as it is written. From a Dutch phone, you can drop off the +31 and start with 0 instead.

Public Transit

The Netherlands is surprisingly accessible by public transport (openbaar vervoer or OV). Most places, even in remote villages, are walking distance from a bus stop, and trains run often and efficiently. Google Maps keeps up to date with most public transport schedules, and the website/app 9292.nl collects timetables for all the providers.

Paying for public transit

There are several ways to pay for public transport in the Netherlands:

  • Acquire an anonymous or personalized public transport card, called an OV-chipkaart, and manage its credit balance at a kiosk or online.
  • Use your bank card directly (or use an NFC digital wallet like Apple Pay or Google Wallet).
  • Purchase a paper chip ticket at the station/bus/terminal.
  • Purchase a ticket online and use your phone's app to show a QR code.
  • Purchase a(n international) ticket online and receive a paper ticket with QR barcode.
These scanners form part of a barrier that requires you to tap ON to enter and tap OFF to exit.
These scanners form part of a barrier that requires you to check in (tap an OV-chipkaart or bank card) to enter and similarly check out to exit. If you have a QR code, at least one of these scanners will have a transparent panel for scanning the QR code.
3 OV-Chipkaart readers next to each other. They each have distinctive colors and marking to indicate that they are for different modes of transport.
Three OV-Chipkaart readers next to each other. They each have distinctive colors and marking to indicate that they are for different transportation operators.
OV-chipkaart reader for the train (yellow) with a toeslag reader for paying a top-up for the non-stop fast train.
OV-chipkaart reader for the regular train (left, in yellow) with an extra reader for paying a supplement for the non-stop fast train (right, in red).

Note that many buses and trams will not accept paper money, and some do not accept payment on board at all. It's best to purchase an OV-chipkaart or ticket at the station or terminal beforehand.

All train and metro stations will have card readers in the station, sometimes combined with barriers to prevent access unless you scan your card. Smaller stations may only have a reader on the platform. Buses tend to have the card readers inside and require you to check in with your card when you board and check out before you disembark.

Transferring between transit owned by the same company, for example between trains both operated by NS, usually doesn't require checking in and out. Switching between transit operators or switching between types of transit often requires checking out and then checking in again (e.g. from a metro to a bus). For the high-speed train line from Amsterdam to Schiphol and Rotterdam requires a supplement payment for the trip. This "toeslag" can be added by the extra chipcard post on the platform. Most trains do not require this extra fee and it's marked clearly on the departures board if the train you are taking requires it.

The trip fare is based on how far you traveled, i.e. where you checked in and out with your OV card; this makes it hard to predict your fare. Purchasing an OV-chipkaart with around €50 and checking usage is probably best. If your balance becomes too low, you won't be able to board transit until you fill it up, as the system enforces certain rules (buses require 4€ on the OV-chipkaart, while NS requires 20€!).

Proving you've paid

A train conductor or bus security may ask to see your OV card and tap it to see that you're checked in. If you get on the train and realize you forgot to check in, you can use the NS app or website to quickly buy a ticket (whoops!). This can be used to show the conductor your ticket digitally, and you can use this ticket to exit the station.

Personalized chipcards

Personalized chipcards, as opposed to anonymous ones, can be used to purchase reduced fare tickets and other extras. This requires a photo (does not have to be a passport photo, just a recent one) and a name, though the card will only display first and middle initial and last name. The name should match your ID.

OV-fiets

You can also use your chipcard to rent an OV-fiets, which is one of the blue-and-yellow public bicycles you'll see in cities. You will need a personalized OV-chipkaart and a free OV-fiets ticket.

Driving

While an international driver's license isn't required, it is good to have. The EU has different categories of driver's licenses than the US and this can cause trouble depending on the situation. The AAA offers international driver's licenses by showing up in-person or by mail.

American driver's licenses are valid for 185 days after moving to the Netherlands. If you have the 30% tax ruling, you can easily transfer your driver's license, but make sure you do it within the 185 day limit. If you don't qualify for the 30% ruling, you will have to take driving lessons and do both a written and practical test. These can be done in English for an extra fee. However, the rules for driving in the Netherlands are quite different than the US, so it's best to pick up a practice book.

Banking

Once you have registered at the city hall, you will receive a citizen service number (burgerservicenummer or BSN). A BSN is similar to a social security number. A BSN is necessary to get a Dutch bank account. The largest banks in the Netherlands are ABN AMRO, ING, and Rabobank; there are also eco-friendly banks like ASN and Triodos (although these communicate solely in Dutch).

A Dutch PIN card is the best way to pay for things. Many places do not accept cash, and some that also don't accept credit cards. In particular, the popular grocery store Albert Heijn does not allow paying with credit cards (which includes Visa or Mastercard debit cards!), so be sure to go to a checkout lane that accepts cash -- or go to a different grocery store!

Be aware that (travelers) checks are not accepted in the Netherlands! The last bank stopped accepting them in 2021.

Groceries and Supplies

Stores are most likely to be open Monday through Saturday until 6pm, except supermarkets until 8-10pm (depending on the chain and location). In the biggest cities (Amsterdam, Utrecht, Rotterdam, The Hague) stores are open seven days a week. But elsewhere in the Netherlands, Sunday is a quiet day and many stores tend to be closed. Some municipalities/cities will have monthly shopping Sundays ("koopzondag") as well as weekly shopping nights ("koopavond") when some stores are allowed to stay open longer until 9PM, either on Thursday (mostly bigger university cities) or Friday. There are some, more religious, municipalities that have rules around which shops can be open on Sundays and shopping nights, but most larger municipalities/cities tend to allow shops to decided for themselves. Most supermarket chains are open but just close sooner in the evening (often 7pm). If you find yourself in small towns or the countryside, you should plan ahead for the weekend and make sure you have enough to eat and such.

Many shops also open late or not at all on Mondays (or only open after noon). This is a way of making sure shop owners and retail workers can access things like doctors and banking that are not open at the weekend, which is pretty nice!

Also check the section about banking -- it can be hard to pay for things without a PIN card from a Dutch bank, and you should carry some cash if you don't have one. Credit cards tend to only be accepted in tourist centers or at restaurants. Cash is still accepted most places unless explicitly indicated with signage.

Accidents and Emergencies

Our national emergency dialing code is 112. Use this, or ask someone to call for you, if you are in a dangerous situation and need emergency services right away.

If you need medical attention right away, but are not in need of an ambulance (something like a painful ear infection or an animal bite) you can call a spoedhulp huisartsenpost. This is like a general urgent care clinic. If it's something they can't handle, they will send you to the hospital emergency department.

Emergency medical costs

Not as bad as the USA! You may end up being billed a few hundred euros if you need to be seen right away at the hospital and you don't have any insurance yet.

About the police

Dutch police (politie) usually show up promptly when they are called, and are trained much better than American police at de-escalation, conflict resolution, and public safety. With that said, there are certainly issues of uneven enforcement sometimes, often based on race or social class. However, in general, if you need to call the police, doing that will not put you or someone else in danger of your lives.

(If you are from the US, it may reassure you to know that ANY use of a firearm by a police officer is automatically investigated by the national police, and it can and does lead to the officer being prosecuted when there is abusive behavior.)

Many municipalities also have a community law enforcement group (handhaving.) These are not police, but they are related to the law enforcement system -- they don't carry weapons, and can issue fines and tickets, but cannot make arrests. They deal with things like public nuisances and civic order (think of parking tickets, trash in the wrong places, etc) but can also give you advice if you're lost or having a problem. A lot of people get irritated with the handhaving, because their main job is to enforce all the little annoying stuff that keeps public life orderly, and sometimes it seems like they are doing it just because they can... but they can actually give you helpful advice if you need it.

There's also the military police (Koninklijke Marechausee) who you'll encounter when you go through a border control, or if there is a matter of national security. They are usually heavily armed and wear berets. They're pretty easy to spot, and the ones at the airport checkpoints at least always seem professional and polite.

Citizenship Pathway

There is one main pathway to get Dutch citizenship as an immigrant.

Naturalization

Standard Residency Requirement: You have lived in the Kingdom of the Netherlands for at least 5 consecutive years with a valid residence permit. You have always extended your residence permit on time. Applicants must demonstrate A2 proficiency in the Dutch language, pass a citizenship test, declare that you are aware that the laws of the Kingdom of the Netherlands also apply to you, prove financial self-sufficiency without state assistance, and have no serious criminal convictions. You must renounce your current nationality. https://ind.nl/en/dutch-citizenship/becoming-a-dutch-national-through-naturalisation#requirements

Accelerated Naturalization: there are some exceptions to the 5 year rule https://ind.nl/en/exceptions-to-the-5-year-term-for-naturalisation-in-the-netherlands

Citizenship by Marriage

Spouses of Dutch Citizens: Spouses and registered same-sex partners of Dutch citizens can apply for naturalization if they have been married to or in a registered partnership with a Dutch national for at least 3 years. You can prove that you have lived with your Dutch partner for at least 3 years. In these cases you would also NOT need to renounce your own nationality as being in a registered partnership with a Dutch citizen or married to a Dutch citizen prior to requesting naturalization is one of the exemptions to the rule.

Living together before marriage/registered partnership: If you lived together with your Dutch partner within the Netherlands in the time immediately before your marriage or the registration of your partnership, you can also count this time as part of your 3 years. If there is a gap in your residency in the Netherlands, or a gap in living with your partner, while you are not yet married or in a registered partnership, you will have to start your count over. You must be already married or in a registered partnership at the time when you apply for naturalization.

Legal Rights & Protections (work in progress)

Anti-Discrimination Laws

  • Legal Protections: Overview of protections for transgender individuals in employment, housing, and public life.
  • Reporting Discrimination: How to report instances of discrimination and seek legal recourse.

Legal Gender Recognition

  • Process Overview: Detailed guide on changing gender markers and names in official documents.
  • Recent Legal Developments: .......................................

Workplace Rights

  • Transitioning at Work: Guidance on navigating the workplace during transition.
  • Legal Protections: Information on laws protecting transgender employees.

Housing & Cost of Living (work in progress)

The Netherlands is in the middle of a housing crisis and access to affordable housing is a concern for immigrants and non-immigrants alike. Housing will be most expensive and most competitive in the Randstad, but the shortage impacts all regions of the country. https://www.theguardian.com/news/article/2024/may/06/netherlands-amsterdam-next-level-housing-crisis and https://nltimes.nl/2024/07/12/dutch-housing-shortage-rises-400000-population-growth-outstrips-construction

Trans-Friendly Housing

  • Finding Safe Housing: Tips on locating safe and inclusive living spaces.
  • Housing Rights: Information on legal protections against housing discrimination.

Cost of Living

  • Expense Comparison: Comparison of living costs between major U.S. cities and Dutch cities.

One question often asked is how expensive it is to live in The Netherlands compared to the US, this is a difficult comparison to make overall because things cost "differently".

  • Salaries are generally lower in Europe than in the US, but buying power is higher due to differences in the cost of products and services.
  • Healthcare is one of the biggest differences, the average monthly health insurance premiums are €157/month, with a €385/year standard deductible.
  • Food is affordable, with access to plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables. A budget of €500/month is reasonable for a 2 person household.
  • Mobile and internet is affordable, with an unlimited 5G mobile plan costing ~€25/month, and internet between ~€30 and €60/month (€50 will get you 1gb fiber internet in many locations)
  • Public transportation is widely available and (contrary to many local complaints) quite reliable. Intercity train tickets can be expensive though, with a standard 2nd class ticket from Den Haag to Amsterdam costing over €14.
  • Eating out has become increasingly expensive since COVID. Dinner at a local restaurant for 2 will easily run you €50.
  • Housing is by far the biggest expense, as there is currently a housing shortage in The Netherlands, especially in the Randstad area. The website Funda is the de facto website for renting or buying property in The Netherlands.

Safety Considerations

  • Regional Safety: Overview of safety for transgender individuals in different regions.
  • Legal Protections: Information on hate crime laws and reporting mechanisms.

Renting A House

This will vary by city, province, and housing type. In Amsterdam, the most expensive rental market in the Netherlands, a room in a house will start at €600 -€1200, a studio at €900 - 1,600, and an apartment at €1,200 - 5,000 depending on location, size, and amenities. Keep in mind these are starting prices and may vary!

  • Social Housing vs Private Housing -- Social housing is mostly meant for people with lower incomes and comes with protections and benefits to those that qualify. It must be applied for and the waiting lists can be many years long. Assume you will not qualify for it until several years into your immigration journey. Private housing is anything that is not social housing. It has fewer protections and is more competitive/expensive to secure. https://www.iamexpat.nl/housing/netherlands-rentals/social-housing-private-free-sector
  • Rental Agreement Types -- In the Netherlands there are multiple kinds of rental agreements that come with different protections and lengths. Make sure you're familiar with the types before signing a lease as it could have repercussions for how long you can stay in a house and at what price. What is the best rental contract for my property?
  • Funda -- Funda is the most popular site for finding housing in the Netherlands.
  • Pararius -- Pararius is a popular rental site for finding rental housing in the Netherlands
  • Documents Required -- To rent an apartment you will need proof of identity, a residency permit, proof of income (generally 3 months of paystubs) or proof of savings, an employment contract, and usually a completed rental application form. Unlike in the US, the Dutch do not have a credit score system,so you will not have to provide a credit report.
  • Real Estate Agents -- A real estate agent (makelaar) can help finding a rental property. It is very common to hire a makelaar to help in your housing hunt. Keep in mind that makelaars work in very specific regions and if you're looking in multiple cities simultaneously you may need to hire multiple makelaars.
  • Initial Costs -- Generally, you'll pay a one-time deposit + first month’s rent for your apartment. The amount of that deposit can vary and in some cases may be 3x the rent. Also, if you used an agent/makelaar there will be a mediation fee as well.
  • Things Your House Might Not Include -- Unfurnished apartments in the Netherlands vary from those in the US. Yours may not include appliances, light fixtures, and even flooring and kitchen cabinets. Note that sometimes the previous tenant will offer to sell you what's in the place if it's not needed in their new place.
  • Bills and Utilities -- These may or may not be included in your housing contract. Here is a helpful overview to utilities in the Netherlands.
  • Pets -- Dutch law leaves pet regulations up to individual landlords. Some landlords may not allow them at all, others may have breed/size restrictions or require a larger security deposit for pets. Finding Pet-Friendly Rentals in the Netherlands: A Guide for Expats
  • Housing Rights -- Housing law is complicated and we are not lawyers. However, here is a guide that might help you with the basics. Rental contracts & Housing rights

Buying A House

In the third quarter of 2024, a single-family home in the Netherlands cost approximately 434,000 euros. This will vary by city, province, and the type of house.

  • Can you buy? -- The Netherlands does allow foreigners to buy and own houses.
  • Will buying a house get you residency? -- No, buying property will not help you with residency.
  • Getting a mortgage -- Expatica guide
  • Real estate agents -- A real estate agent (makelaar) can help with buying a home. It is very common to hire a makelaar to help in your housing hunt, as they often get tips about new houses earlier than the general public. Keep in mind that makelaars work in specific regions and if you're looking in multiple cities simultaneously you may need to hire multiple makelaars.
  • Homeowners' associations -- Apartment buildings will have a homeowners association (vereniging van eigenaren or VvE). Understand how these work before buying a house with one. IAmExpat guide.
  • Bills and Utilities -- Here is a helpful overview to utilities in the Netherlands.
  • Schools
    • International Schools
    • Dutch Schools
      • Most municipalities will have multiple small schools within their area to choose from each with their own religious affiliation (if any) and their pedagogical philosophy (like Montessori, Dalton, or Jenaplan).
      • Dutch schools are free but may ask for a voluntary contribution (ouderbijdrage) for special activities like school outings.
      • Some Dutch schools (TTO) support bilingual education (tweetalig onderwijs) with English and Dutch. This helps children English speaking kids transition into the Dutch school system gradually.
      • Children with learning disabilities are welcome in regular Dutch schools and additional support is provided to the child and the school. In the case the child need more specialized care, there are schools (speciaal onderwijs) that you can be referred to. These are also free.
  • When Looking -- If you're looking to buy a house, keep in mind that the Dutch don't really flip houses so they might look a little more dated than what you'd expect in America. They assume that you'll renovate and customize it as you see fit, and assume that you'll budget for that in the price you're paying.

Animal Policies

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